Welcome to H2O 3

H2O is an open source, in-memory, distributed, fast, and scalable machine learning and predictive analytics platform that allows you to build machine learning models on big data and provides easy productionalization of those models in an enterprise environment.

H2O’s core code is written in Java. Inside H2O, a Distributed Key/Value store is used to access and reference data, models, objects, etc., across all nodes and machines. The algorithms are implemented on top of H2O’s distributed Map/Reduce framework and utilize the Java Fork/Join framework for multi-threading. The data is read in parallel and is distributed across the cluster and stored in memory in a columnar format in a compressed way. H2O’s data parser has built-in intelligence to guess the schema of the incoming dataset and supports data ingest from multiple sources in various formats.

H2O’s REST API allows access to all the capabilities of H2O from an external program or script via JSON over HTTP. The Rest API is used by H2O’s web interface (Flow UI), R binding (H2O-R), and Python binding (H2O-Python).

The speed, quality, ease-of-use, and model-deployment for the various cutting edge Supervised and Unsupervised algorithms like Deep Learning, Tree Ensembles, and GLRM make H2O a highly sought after API for big data data science.

H2O is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.

Requirements

At a minimum, we recommend the following for compatibility with H2O:

  • Operating Systems:

    • Windows 7 or later

    • OS X 10.9 or later

    • Ubuntu 12.04

    • RHEL/CentOS 6 or later

  • Languages: R and Python are not required to use H2O unless you want to use H2O in those environments, but Java is always required (see below).

    • R version 3 or later

    • Python 3.6.x, 3.7.x, 3.8.x, 3.9.x, 3.10.x, 3.11.x

  • Browser: An internet browser is required to use H2O’s web UI, Flow. Supported versions include the latest version of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Internet Explorer.

Java Requirements

H2O runs on Java. To build H2O or run H2O tests, the 64-bit JDK is required. To run the H2O binary using either the command line, R, or Python packages, only 64-bit JRE is required.

H2O supports the following versions of Java:

  • Java SE 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8

Click here to download the latest supported version.

Using Unsupported Java Versions

We recommend that only power users force an unsupported Java version. Unsupported Java versions can only be used for experiments. For production versions, we only guarantee the Java versions from the supported list.

To force an unsupported Java version:

java -jar -Dsys.ai.h2o.debug.allowJavaVersions=19 h2o.jar

Running H2O on Hadoop

Java support is different between H2O and Hadoop. Hadoop only supports Java 8 and Java 11. When running H2O on Hadoop, we recommend only running H2O on Java 8 or Java 11.

Additional Requirements

  • Hadoop: Hadoop is not required to run H2O unless you want to deploy H2O on a Hadoop cluster. Supported versions are listed on the Download page (when you select the Install on Hadoop tab) and include:

    • Cloudera CDH 5.4 or later

    • Hortonworks HDP 2.2 or later

    • MapR 4.0 or later

    • IBM Open Platform 4.2

Refer to the Hadoop Users section for detailed information.

  • Conda 3.6+ repo: Conda is not required to run H2O unless you want to run H2O on the Anaconda Cloud. Refer to the Anaconda Cloud Users section for more information.

  • Spark: Version 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.4, or 2.3. Spark is only required if you want to run Sparkling Water.

New Users

If you’re just getting started with H2O, here are some links to help you learn more:

  • Downloads page: First things first - download a copy of H2O here by selecting a build under “Download H2O” (the “Bleeding Edge” build contains the latest changes, while the latest alpha release is a more stable build), then use the installation instruction tabs to install H2O on your client of choice (standalone, R, Python, Hadoop, or Maven).

    For first-time users, we recommend downloading the latest alpha release and the default standalone option (the first tab) as the installation method. Make sure to install Java if it is not already installed.

  • Tutorials: To see a step-by-step example of our algorithms in action, select a model type from the following list:

  • Using Flow - H2O’s Web UI: This section describes our new intuitive web interface, Flow. This interface is similar to IPython notebooks, and allows you to create a visual workflow to share with others.

  • Launch from the command line: This document describes some of the additional options that you can configure when launching H2O (for example, to specify a different directory for saved Flow data, to allocate more memory, or to use a flatfile for quick configuration of a cluster).

  • Algorithms: This section describes the science behind our algorithms and provides a detailed, per-algo view of each model type.

  • GitHub Help: The GitHub Help system is a useful resource for becoming familiar with Git.

Note

By default, this setup is open. Follow security guidelines if you want to secure your installation.

Use Cases

H2O can handle a wide range of practical use cases due to its robust catalogue of supported algorithms, wrappers, and machine learning tools. Several example problems H2O can handle are:

  • determining outliers in housing price based on number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, access to waterfront, etc. through anomaly detection

  • revealing natural customer segments in retail data to determine which groups are purchasing which products

  • linking multiple records to the same person with probabilistic matching

  • upsampling the minority class for credit card fraud data to handle imbalanced data

  • detecting drift on avocado sales pre-2018 and 2018+ to determine if a model is still relevant for new data

To further explore the capabilities of H2O, check out some of our best practice tutorials.

New User Quick Start

New users can follow the steps below to quickly get up and running with H2O directly from the h2o-3 repository. These steps guide you through cloning the repository, starting H2O, and importing a dataset. Once you’re up and running, you’ll be better able to follow examples included within this user guide.

  1. In a terminal window, create a folder for the H2O repository. The example below creates a folder called “repos” on the desktop.

user$ mkdir ~/Desktop/repos

  1. Change directories to that new folder, and then clone the repository. Notice that the prompt changes when you change directories.

user$ cd ~/Desktop/repos
repos user$ git clone https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3.git

  1. After the repo is cloned, change directories to the h2o folder.

repos user$ cd h2o-3
h2o-3 user$

  1. Run the following command to retrieve sample datasets. These datasets are used throughout this User Guide and within the Booklets.

h2o-3 user$ ./gradlew syncSmalldata

At this point, determine whether you want to complete this quick start in either R or Python, and run the corresponding commands below from either the R or Python tab.

R

Python

# Download and install R:
# 1. Go to http://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html.
# 2. Select your closest local mirror.
# 3. Select your operating system (Linux, OS X, or Windows).
# 4. Depending on your OS, download the appropriate file, along with any required packages.
# 5. When the download is complete, unzip the file and install.

# Start R
h2o-3 user$ r
...
Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.
>

# By default, this setup is open.
# Follow our security guidelines (https://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/security.html)
# if you want to secure your installation.

# Copy and paste the following commands in R to download dependency packages.
> pkgs <- c("methods", "statmod", "stats", "graphics", "RCurl", "jsonlite", "tools", "utils")
> for (pkg in pkgs) {if (! (pkg %in% rownames(installed.packages()))) { install.packages(pkg) }}

# Run the following command to load the H2O:
> library(h2o)

# Run the following command to initialize H2O on your local machine (single-node cluster) using all available CPUs.
> h2o.init()

# Import the Iris (with headers) dataset.
> path <- "smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv"
> iris <- h2o.importFile(path)

# View a summary of the imported dataset.
> print(iris)

  sepal_len    sepal_wid    petal_len    petal_wid        class
-----------  -----------  -----------  -----------  -----------
        5.1          3.5          1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
        4.9          3            1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
        4.7          3.2          1.3          0.2  Iris-setosa
        4.6          3.1          1.5          0.2  Iris-setosa
        5            3.6          1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
        5.4          3.9          1.7          0.4  Iris-setosa
        4.6          3.4          1.4          0.3  Iris-setosa
        5            3.4          1.5          0.2  Iris-setosa
        4.4          2.9          1.4          0.2  Iris-setosa
        4.9          3.1          1.5          0.1  Iris-setosa
[150 rows x 5 columns]
>

# By default, this setup is open.
# Follow our security guidelines (https://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/security.html)
# if you want to secure your installation.

# Before starting Python, run the following commands to install dependencies.
# Prepend these commands with `sudo` only if necessary:
# h2o-3 user$ [sudo] pip install -U requests
# h2o-3 user$ [sudo] pip install -U tabulate

# Start python:
# h2o-3 user$ python

# Run the following commands to import the H2O module:
>>> import h2o

# Run the following command to initialize H2O on your local machine (single-node cluster):
>>> h2o.init()

# If desired, run the GLM, GBM, or Deep Learning demo(s):
>>> h2o.demo("glm")
>>> h2o.demo("gbm")
>>> h2o.demo("deeplearning")

# Import the Iris (with headers) dataset:
>>> path = "smalldata/iris/iris_wheader.csv"
>>> iris = h2o.import_file(path=path)

# View a summary of the imported dataset:
>>> iris.summary
# sepal_len    sepal_wid    petal_len    petal_wid    class
# 5.1          3.5          1.4          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 4.9          3            1.4          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 4.7          3.2          1.3          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 4.6          3.1          1.5          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 5            3.6          1.4          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 5.4          3.9          1.7          0.4          Iris-setosa
# 4.6          3.4          1.4          0.3          Iris-setosa
# 5            3.4          1.5          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 4.4          2.9          1.4          0.2          Iris-setosa
# 4.9          3.1          1.5          0.1          Iris-setosa
#
# [150 rows x 5 columns]
# <bound method H2OFrame.summary of >

Experienced Users

If you’ve used previous versions of H2O, the following links will help guide you through the process of upgrading to H2O-3.

  • Recent Changes: This document describes the most recent changes in the latest build of H2O. It lists new features, enhancements (including changed parameter default values), and bug fixes for each release, organized by sub-categories such as Python, R, and Web UI.

  • API Related Changes: This section describes changes made in H2O-3 that can affect backwards compatibility.

  • Contributing code: If you’re interested in contributing code to H2O, we appreciate your assistance! This document describes how to access our list of Jiras that are suggested tasks for contributors and how to contact us.

Flow Users

H2O Flow is a notebook-style open-source user interface for H2O. It is a web-based interactive environment that allows you to combine code execution, text, mathematics, plots, and rich media in a single document, similar to iPython Notebooks. An entire section dedicated to starting and using the features available in Flow is available later in this document.

Sparkling Water Users

Sparkling Water is a gradle project with the following submodules:

  • Core: Implementation of H2OContext, H2ORDD, and all technical integration code

  • Examples: Application, demos, examples

  • ML: Implementation of MLlib pipelines for H2O algorithms

  • Assembly: Creates “fatJar” composed of all other modules

  • py: Implementation of (h2o) Python binding to Sparkling Water

The best way to get started is to modify the core module or create a new module, which extends a project.

Users of our Spark-compatible solution, Sparkling Water, should be aware that Sparkling Water is only supported with the latest version of H2O. For more information about Sparkling Water, refer to the following links.

Sparkling Water is versioned according to the Spark versioning, so make sure to use the Sparkling Water version that corresponds to the installed version of Spark.

Getting Started with Sparkling Water

PySparkling

PySparkling documentation is available for 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.4, and 2.3.

Note: PySparkling requires Sparkling Water 2.3 or later. We recommended Sparkling Water 3.3.

PySparkling can be installed by downloading and running the PySparkling shell or using pip. PySparkling can also be installed from the PyPi repository. Follow the instructions on the Download page for Sparkling Water.

RSparkling

The rsparkling R package is an extension package for sparklyr that creates an R front-end for the Sparkling Water package from H2O. This provides an interface to H2O’s high performance, distributed machine learning algorithms on Spark using R.

This package implements basic functionality (creating an H2OContext, showing the H2O Flow interface, and converting between Spark DataFrames and H2O Frames). The main purpose of this package is to provide a connector between sparklyr and H2O’s machine learning algorithms.

The rsparkling package uses sparklyr for Spark job deployment and initialization of Sparkling Water. After that, users can use the regular H2O R package for modeling.

Refer to the Sparkling Water User Guide for more information.

Python Users

Pythonistas will be glad to know that H2O now provides support for this popular programming language. Python users can also use H2O with IPython notebooks. For more information, refer to the following links.

  • Instructions for using H2O with Python are available in the Downloading and Installing H2O section and on the H2O Download page. Select the version you want to install (latest stable release or nightly build), then click the Install in Python tab.

  • Python docs: This document represents the definitive guide to using Python with H2O.

  • Grid Search in Python: This notebook demonstrates the use of grid search in Python.

Anaconda Cloud Users

You can run H2O in an Anaconda Cloud environment. Conda 2.7, 3.5, and 3.6 repos are supported as are a number of H2O versions. Refer to https://anaconda.org/h2oai/h2o/files to view a list of available H2O versions. Anaconda users can refer to the Install on Anaconda Cloud section for information about installing H2O in an Anaconda Cloud.

R Users

Currently, the only version of R that is known to be incompatible with H2O is R version 3.1.0 (codename “Spring Dance”). If you are using that version, we recommend upgrading the R version before using H2O.

To check which version of H2O is installed in R, use versions::installed.versions("h2o").

  • R User HTML and R User PDF Documentation: This document contains all commands in the H2O package for R, including examples and arguments. It represents the definitive guide to using H2O in R.

  • Connecting RStudio to Sparkling Water: This illustrated tutorial describes how to use RStudio to connect to Sparkling Water.

  • RStudio Cheat Sheet: Download this PDF to keep as a quick reference when using H2O in R.

Note: If you are running R on Linux, then you must install libcurl, which allows H2O to communicate with R. We also recommend disabling SElinux and any firewalls, at least initially until you have confirmed H2O can initialize.

  • On Ubuntu, run: apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev

  • On CentOs, run: yum install libcurl-devel

API Users

API users will be happy to know that the APIs have been more thoroughly documented in the latest release of H2O and additional capabilities (such as exporting weights and biases for Deep Learning models) have been added.

REST APIs are generated immediately out of the code, allowing users to implement machine learning in many ways. For example, REST APIs could be used to call a model created by sensor data and to set up auto-alerts if the sensor data falls below a specified threshold.

  • H2O 3 REST API Overview: This document describes how the REST API commands are used in H2O, versioning, experimental APIs, verbs, status codes, formats, schemas, payloads, metadata, and examples.

  • REST API Reference: This document represents the definitive guide to the H2O REST API.

  • REST API Schema Reference: This document represents the definitive guide to the H2O REST API schemas.

Java Users

Refer to H2O’s Java Requirements for more information. For Java developers, the following resources will help you create your own custom app that uses H2O.

Developers

If you’re looking to use H2O to help you develop your own apps, the following links will provide helpful references.

H2O’s build is completely managed by Gradle. Any IDEA with Gradle support is sufficient for H2O-3 development. The latest versions of IntelliJ IDEA have been thoroughly tested and are proven to work well. Just open the folder with H2O-3 in IntellliJ IDEA, and it will automatically recognize that Gradle is required and will import the project. The Gradle wrapper present in the repository itself may be used manually/directly to build and test if required.

For JUnit tests to pass, you may need multiple H2O nodes. Create a “Run/Debug” configuration with the following parameters:

Type: Application
Main class: H2OApp
Use class path of module: h2o-app

After starting multiple “worker” node processes in addition to the JUnit test process, they will cloud up and run the multi-node JUnit tests.

  • Developer Documentation: Detailed instructions on how to build and launch H2O, including how to clone the repository, how to pull from the repository, and how to install required dependencies.

  • You can view instructions for using H2O with Maven on the Download page. Select the version of H2O you want to install (latest stable release or nightly build), then click the Use from Maven tab.

  • Maven install: This page provides information on how to build a version of H2O that generates the correct IDE files.

  • H2O Community: Join our community support and outreach by accessing self-paced courses, scoping out meetups, and interacting with other users and our team.

  • H2O Droplet Project Templates: This page provides template info for projects created in Java, Scala, or Sparkling Water.

  • Hacking Algos: This blog post by Cliff walks you through building a new algorithm, using K-Means, Quantiles, and Grep as examples.

  • KV Store Guide: Learn more about performance characteristics when implementing new algorithms.

  • Contributing code: If you’re interested in contributing code to H2O, we appreciate your assistance!

Hadoop Users

This section describes how to use H2O on Hadoop.

Supported Versions

  • CDH 5.4

  • CDH 5.5

  • CDH 5.6

  • CDH 5.7

  • CDH 5.8

  • CDH 5.9

  • CDH 5.10

  • CDH 5.13

  • CDH 5.14

  • CDH 5.15

  • CDH 5.16

  • CDH 6.0

  • CDH 6.1

  • CDH 6.2

  • CDH 6.3

  • CDP 7.0

  • CDP 7.1

  • CDP 7.2

  • HDP 2.2

  • HDP 2.3

  • HDP 2.4

  • HDP 2.5

  • HDP 2.6

  • HDP 3.0

  • HDP 3.1

  • MapR 4.0

  • MapR 5.0

  • MapR 5.1

  • MapR 5.2

  • MapR 6.0

  • MapR 6.1

  • IOP 4.2

  • EMR 6.10

Important Points to Remember:

  • The command used to launch H2O differs from previous versions. (Refer to the Walkthrough section.)

  • Launching H2O on Hadoop requires at least 6 GB of memory

  • Each H2O node runs as a mapper

  • Run only one mapper per host

  • There are no combiners or reducers

  • Each H2O cluster must have a unique job name

  • -mapperXmx, -nodes, and -output are required

  • Root permissions are not required - just unzip the H2O .zip file on any single node

Prerequisite: Open Communication Paths

H2O communicates using two communication paths. Verify these are open and available for use by H2O.

Path 1: mapper to driver

Optionally specify this port using the -driverport option in the hadoop jar command (see “Hadoop Launch Parameters” below). This port is opened on the driver host (the host where you entered the hadoop jar command). By default, this port is chosen randomly by the operating system. If you don’t want to specify an exact port but you still want to restrict the port to a certain range of ports, you can use the option -driverportrange.

Path 2: mapper to mapper

Optionally specify this port using the -baseport option in the hadoop jar command (refer to Hadoop Launch Parameters below. This port and the next subsequent port are opened on the mapper hosts (the Hadoop worker nodes) where the H2O mapper nodes are placed by the Resource Manager. By default, ports 54321 and 54322 are used.

The mapper port is adaptive: if 54321 and 54322 are not available, H2O will try 54323 and 54324 and so on. The mapper port is designed to be adaptive because sometimes if the YARN cluster is low on resources, YARN will place two H2O mappers for the same H2O cluster request on the same physical host. For this reason, we recommend opening a range of more than two ports (20 ports should be sufficient).

Walkthrough

The following steps show you how to download or build H2O with Hadoop and the parameters involved in launching H2O from the command line.

  1. Download the latest H2O release for your version of Hadoop. Refer to the H2O on Hadoop tab of the download page for either the latest stable release or the nightly bleeding edge release.

  2. Prepare the job input on the Hadoop Node by unzipping the build file and changing to the directory with the Hadoop and H2O’s driver jar files.

unzip h2o-{{project_version}}-*.zip
cd h2o-{{project_version}}-*

  1. To launch H2O nodes and form a cluster on the Hadoop cluster, run:

  hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -nodes 1 -mapperXmx 6g

The above command launches a 6g node of H2O. We recommend you launch the cluster with at least four times the memory of your data file size.

-  *mapperXmx* is the mapper size or the amount of memory allocated to each node. Specify at least 6 GB.

-  *nodes* is the number of nodes requested to form the cluster.

-  *output* is the name of the directory created each time a H2O cluster is created so it is necessary for the name to be unique each time it is launched.

  1. To monitor your job, direct your web browser to your standard job tracker Web UI. To access H2O’s Web UI, direct your web browser to one of the launched instances. If you are unsure where your JVM is launched, review the output from your command after the nodes have clouded up and formed a cluster. Any of the nodes’ IP addresses will work as there is no master node.

Determining driver host interface for mapper->driver callback...
[Possible callback IP address: 172.16.2.181]
[Possible callback IP address: 127.0.0.1]
...
Waiting for H2O cluster to come up...
H2O node 172.16.2.184:54321 requested flatfile
Sending flatfiles to nodes...
 [Sending flatfile to node 172.16.2.184:54321]
H2O node 172.16.2.184:54321 reports H2O cluster size 1
H2O cluster (1 nodes) is up
Blocking until the H2O cluster shuts down...

Hadoop Launch Parameters

  • -h | -help: Display help

  • -jobname <JobName>: Specify a job name for the Jobtracker to use; the default is H2O_nnnnn (where n is chosen randomly)

  • -principal <kerberos principal> -keytab <keytab path> | -run_as_user <hadoop username>: Optionally specify a Kerberos principal and keytab or specify the run_as_user parameter to start clusters on behalf of the user/principal. Note that using run_as_user implies that the Hadoop cluster does not have Kerberos.

  • -driverif <IP address of mapper -> driver callback interface>: Specify the IP address for callback messages from the mapper to the driver.

  • -driverport <port of mapper -> callback interface>: Specify the port number for callback messages from the mapper to the driver.

  • -driverportrange <range portX-portY of mapper-> callback interface>: Specify the allowed port range of the driver callback interface, eg. 50000-55000.

  • -network <IPv4Network1>[,<IPv4Network2>]: Specify the IPv4 network(s) to bind to the H2O nodes; multiple networks can be specified to force H2O to use the specified host in the Hadoop cluster. 10.1.2.0/24 allows 256 possibilities.

  • -timeout <seconds>: Specify the timeout duration (in seconds) to wait for the cluster to form before failing. Note: The default value is 120 seconds; if your cluster is very busy, this may not provide enough time for the nodes to launch. If H2O does not launch, try increasing this value (for example, -timeout 600).

  • -disown: Exit the driver after the cluster forms.

    Note: For Qubole users who include the -disown flag, if your cluster is dying right after launch, add -Dmapred.jobclient.killjob.onexit=false as a launch parameter.

  • -notify <notification file name>: Specify a file to write when the cluster is up. The file contains the IP and port of the embedded web server for one of the nodes in the cluster. All mappers must start before the H2O cluster is considered “up”.

  • -mapperXmx <per mapper Java Xmx heap size>: Specify the amount of memory to allocate to H2O (at least 6g).

  • -extramempercent: Specify the extra memory for internal JVM use outside of the Java heap. This is a percentage of mapperXmx. Recommendation: Set this to a high value when running XGBoost, for example, 120.

  • -n | -nodes <number of H2O nodes>: Specify the number of nodes.

  • -nthreads <maximum number of vcores>: Specify the maximum number of parallel threads of execution. This is usually capped by the max number of vcores.

  • -baseport <initialization port for H2O nodes>: Specify the initialization port for the H2O nodes. The default is 54321.

  • -license <license file name>: Specify the directory of local filesytem location and the license file name.

  • -o | -output <HDFS output directory>: Specify the HDFS directory for the output.

  • -flow_dir <Saved Flows directory>: Specify the directory for saved flows. By default, H2O will try to find the HDFS home directory to use as the directory for flows. If the HDFS home directory is not found, flows cannot be saved unless a directory is specified using -flow_dir.

  • -port_offset <num>: This parameter allows you to specify the relationship of the API port (“web port”) and the internal communication port. The h2o port and API port are derived from each other, and we cannot fully decouple them. Instead, we allow you to specify an offset such that h2o port = api port + offset. This allows you to move the communication port to a specific range that can be firewalled.

  • -proxy: Enables Proxy mode.

  • -report_hostname: This flag allows the user to specify the machine hostname instead of the IP address when launching H2O Flow. This option can only be used when H2O on Hadoop is started in Proxy mode (with -proxy).

JVM arguments

  • -ea: Enable assertions to verify boolean expressions for error detection.

  • -verbose:gc: Include heap and garbage collection information in the logs. Deprecated in Java 9, removed in Java 10.

  • -XX:+PrintGCDetails: Include a short message after each garbage collection. Deprecated in Java 9, removed in Java 10.

  • -Xlog:gc=info: Prints garbage collection information into the logs. Introduced in Java 9. Usage enforced since Java 10. A replacement for -verbose:gc and -XX:+PrintGCDetails tags which are deprecated in Java 9 and removed in Java 10.

Configuring HDFS

When running H2O-3 on Hadoop, you do not need to worry about configuring HDFS. The -hdfs_config flag is used to configure access to HDFS from a standalone cluster. However, it is also used for anything that requries Hadoop (such as Hive).

If you are accessing HDFS/Hive without Kerberos, then you will need to pass -hdfs_config and path to the core-site.xml that you got from your Hadoop edge node. If you are accessing Kerberized Hadoop, you will also need to pass hdfs-site.xml.

Accessing S3 Data from Hadoop

H2O launched on Hadoop can access S3 Data in addition to to HDFS. To enable access, follow the instructions below.

Edit Hadoop’s core-site.xml, then set the HADOOP_CONF_DIR environment property to the directory containing the core-site.xml file. For an example core-site.xml file, refer to Core-site.xml Example. Typically, the configuration directory for most Hadoop distributions is /etc/hadoop/conf.

You can also pass the S3 credentials when launching H2O with the Hadoop jar command. Use the -D flag to pass the credentials:

hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -Dfs.s3.awsAccessKeyId="${AWS_ACCESS_KEY}" -Dfs.s3n.awsSecretAccessKey="${AWS_SECRET_KEY}" -n 3 -mapperXmx 10g  -output outputDirectory

where AWS_ACCESS_KEY represents your user name and AWS_SECRET_KEY represents your password.

Then import the data with the S3 URL path:

  • To import the data from the Flow API:

importFiles [ "s3:/path/to/bucket/file/file.tab.gz" ]

  • To import the data from the R API:

h2o.importFile(path = "s3://bucket/path/to/file.csv")

  • To import the data from the Python API:

h2o.import_frame(path = "s3://bucket/path/to/file.csv")

YARN Best Practices

YARN (Yet Another Resource Manager) is a resource management framework. H2O can be launched as an application on YARN. If you want to run H2O on Hadoop, essentially, you are running H2O on YARN. If you are not currently using YARN to manage your cluster resources, we strongly recommend it.

Using H2O with YARN

When you launch H2O on Hadoop using the hadoop jar command, YARN allocates the necessary resources to launch the requested number of nodes. H2O launches as a MapReduce (V2) task, where each mapper is an H2O node of the specified size.

hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -nodes 1 -mapperXmx 6g -output hdfsOutputDirName

Occasionally, YARN may reject a job request. This usually occurs because either there is not enough memory to launch the job or because of an incorrect configuration.

If YARN rejects the job request, try launching the job with less memory to see if that is the cause of the failure. Specify smaller values for -mapperXmx (we recommend a minimum of 2g) and -nodes (start with 1) to confirm that H2O can launch successfully.

To resolve configuration issues, adjust the maximum memory that YARN will allow when launching each mapper. If the cluster manager settings are configured for the default maximum memory size but the memory required for the request exceeds that amount, YARN will not launch and H2O will time out. If you are using the default configuration, change the configuration settings in your cluster manager to specify memory allocation when launching mapper tasks. To calculate the amount of memory required for a successful launch, use the following formula:

YARN container size (mapreduce.map.memory.mb) = -mapperXmx value + (-mapperXmx * -extramempercent [default is 10%])

The mapreduce.map.memory.mb value must be less than the YARN memory configuration values for the launch to succeed.

Configuring YARN

For Cloudera, configure the settings in Cloudera Manager. Depending on how the cluster is configured, you may need to change the settings for more than one role group.

  1. Click Configuration and enter the following search term in quotes: yarn.nodemanager.resource.memory-mb.

  2. Enter the amount of memory (in GB) to allocate in the Value field. If more than one group is listed, change the values for all listed groups.

    Cloudera Configuration

  3. Click the Save Changes button in the upper-right corner.

  4. Enter the following search term in quotes: yarn.scheduler.maximum-allocation-mb

  5. Change the value, click the Save Changes button in the upper-right corner, and redeploy.

Cloudera Configuration

For Hortonworks, configure the settings in Ambari.

  1. Select YARN, then click the Configs tab.

  2. Select the group.

  3. In the Node Manager section, enter the amount of memory (in MB) to allocate in the yarn.nodemanager.resource.memory-mb entry field.

Ambari Configuration

  1. In the Scheduler section, enter the amount of memory (in MB) to allocate in the yarn.scheduler.maximum-allocation-mb entry field.

Ambari Configuration

  1. Click the Save button at the bottom of the page and redeploy the cluster.

For MapR:

  1. Edit the yarn-site.xml file for the node running the ResourceManager.

  2. Change the values for the yarn.nodemanager.resource.memory-mb and yarn.scheduler.maximum-allocation-mb properties.

  3. Restart the ResourceManager and redeploy the cluster.

To verify the values were changed, check the values for the following properties:

- <name>yarn.nodemanager.resource.memory-mb</name>
- <name>yarn.scheduler.maximum-allocation-mb</name>

Limiting CPU Usage

To limit the number of CPUs used by H2O, use the -nthreads option and specify the maximum number of CPUs for a single container to use. The following example limits the number of CPUs to four:

hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -nthreads 4 -nodes 1 -mapperXmx 6g -output hdfsOutputDirName

Note: The default is 4*the number of CPUs. You must specify at least four CPUs; otherwise, the following error message displays: ERROR: nthreads invalid (must be >= 4)

Specifying Queues

If you do not specify a queue when launching H2O, H2O jobs are submitted to the default queue. Jobs submitted to the default queue have a lower priority than jobs submitted to a specific queue.

To specify a queue with Hadoop, enter -Dmapreduce.job.queuename=<my-h2o-queue> (where <my-h2o-queue> is the name of the queue) when launching Hadoop.

For example,

hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -Dmapreduce.job.queuename=<my-h2o-queue> -nodes <num-nodes> -mapperXmx 6g -output hdfsOutputDirName

Specifying Output Directories

To prevent overwriting multiple users’ files, each job must have a unique output directory name. Change the -output hdfsOutputDir argument (where hdfsOutputDir is the name of the directory.

Alternatively, you can delete the directory (manually or by using a script) instead of creating a unique directory each time you launch H2O.

Customizing YARN

Most of the configurable YARN variables are stored in yarn-site.xml. To prevent settings from being overridden, you can mark a config as “final.” If you change any values in yarn-site.xml, you must restart YARN to confirm the changes.

Accessing Logs

Access logs for a YARN job with the yarn logs -applicationId <application_id> command from a terminal. Note that this command must be run by the same userid as the job owner, and only after the job has finished.

How H2O runs on YARN

Let’s say that you have a Hadoop cluster with six worker nodes and six HDFS nodes. For architectural diagramming purposes, the worker nodes and HDFS nodes are shown as separate blocks in the block diagram, but they may actually be running on the same physical machines. The hadoop jar command that you run on the edge node talks to the YARN Resource Manager to launch an H2O MRv2 (MapReduce v2) job. The Resource Manager places the requested number of H2O nodes (aka MRv2 mappers, aka YARN containers) – three in this example – on worker nodes. See the picture below:

_images/h2o-on-yarn-1.png

Once the H2O job’s nodes all start, they find each other and create an H2O cluster (as shown by the dark blue line encircling the three H2O nodes). The three H2O nodes work together to perform distributed Machine Learning functions as a group, as shown below.

Note how the three worker nodes that are not part of the H2O job have been removed from the picture below for explanatory purposes. They aren’t part of the compute and memory resources used by the H2O job. The full complement of HDFS is still available, however:

_images/h2o-on-yarn-2.png

Data is then read in from HDFS once (as shown by the red lines), and stored as distributed H2O Frames in H2O’s in-memory column-compressed Distributed Key/Value (DKV) store. See the picture below:

_images/h2o-on-yarn-3.png

Machine Learning algorithms can then run very fast in a parallel and distributed way (as shown by the light blue lines). They iteratively sweep over the data over and over again to build models, which is why the in-memory storage makes H2O fast.

Note how the HDFS nodes have been removed from the picture below for explanatory purposes, to emphasize that the data lives in memory during the model training process:

_images/h2o-on-yarn-4.png

Hadoop and AWS

AWS access credential configuration is provided to H2O by the Hadoop environment itself. There are a number of Hadoop distributions, and each distribution supports different means/providers to configure access to AWS. It is considered best practice to follow you Hadoop provider’s guide.

Since Apache Hadoop 2.8, accessing multiple buckets with distinct credentials by means of the S3A protocol is possible. Please refer to the Hadoop documentation for more information. Users of derived distributions are advised to follow the respective documentation of their distribution and the specific version they use.

Docker Users

This section describes how to use H2O on Docker and walks you through the followings steps:

  • Installing Docker on Mac or Linux OS

  • Creating and modifying the Dockerfile

  • Building a Docker image from the Dockerfile

  • Running the Docker build

  • Launching H2O

  • Accessing H2O from the web browser or from R/Python

Prerequisites

  • Linux kernel version 3.8+ or Mac OS X 10.6+

  • VirtualBox

  • Latest version of Docker is installed and configured

  • Docker daemon is running - enter all commands below in the Docker daemon window

  • Using User directory (not root)

Notes:

  • Older Linux kernel versions are known to cause kernel panics that break Docker. There are ways around it, but these should be attempted at your own risk. To check the version of your kernel, run uname -r at the command prompt. The walkthrough that follows has been tested on a Mac OS X 10.10.1.

  • The Dockerfile always pulls the latest H2O release.

  • The Docker image only needs to be built once.

Walkthrough

Step 1 - Install and Launch Docker

Depending on your OS, select the appropriate installation method:

Step 2 - Create or Download Dockerfile

Note: If the following commands do not work, prepend them with sudo.

  1. Create a folder on the Host OS to host your Dockerfile by running:

  1. Next, either download or create a Dockerfile, which is a build recipe that builds the container.

Download and use our Dockerfile template by running:

cd /data/h2o-{{branch_name}}
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h2oai/h2o-3/master/Dockerfile

The Dockerfile:

  • obtains and updates the base image (Ubuntu 14.04)

  • installs Java 8

  • obtains and downloads the H2O build from H2O’s S3 repository

  • exposes ports 54321 and 54322 in preparation for launching H2O on those ports

Step 3 - Build Docker image from Dockerfile

From the /data/h2o-{{branch_name}} directory, run the following. Note below that v5 represents the current version number.

docker build -t "h2o.ai/{{branch_name}}:v5" .

Because it assembles all the necessary parts for the image, this process can take a few minutes.

Step 4 - Run Docker Build

On a Mac, use the argument -p 54321:54321 to expressly map the port 54321. This is not necessary on Linux. Note below that v5 represents the version number.

docker run -ti -p 54321:54321 h2o.ai/{{branch_name}}:v5 /bin/bash

Step 5 - Launch H2O

Navigate to the /opt directory and launch H2O. Change the value of -Xmx to the amount of memory you want to allocate to the H2O instance. By default, H2O launches on port 54321.

cd /opt
java -Xmx1g -jar h2o.jar

Step 6 - Access H2O from the web browser or R

  • On Linux: After H2O launches, copy and paste the IP address and port of the H2O instance into the address bar of your browser. In the following example, the IP is 172.17.0.5:54321.

    03:58:25.963 main      INFO WATER: Cloud of size 1 formed [/172.17.0.5:54321 (00:00:00.000)]

  • On OSX: Locate the IP address of the Docker’s network (192.168.59.103 in the following examples) that bridges to your Host OS by opening a new Terminal window (not a bash for your container) and running boot2docker ip.

    $ boot2docker ip
192.168.59.103

You can also view the IP address (192.168.99.100 in the example below) by scrolling to the top of the Docker daemon window:

                        ##         .
                  ## ## ##        ==
               ## ## ## ## ##    ===
           /"""""""""""""""""\___/ ===
      ~~~ {~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~ /  ===- ~~~
           \______ o           __/
             \    \         __/
              \____\_______/


docker is configured to use the default machine with IP 192.168.99.100
For help getting started, check out the docs at https://docs.docker.com

After obtaining the IP address, point your browser to the specified ip address and port to open Flow. In R and Python, you can access the instance by installing the latest version of the H2O R or Python package and then initializing H2O:

R

Python

# Initialize H2O
library(h2o)
dockerH2O <- h2o.init(ip = "192.168.59.103", port = 54321)

# Initialize H2O
import h2o
docker_h2o = h2o.init(ip = "192.168.59.103", port = 54321)

Kubernetes Integration

H2O nodes must be treated as stateful by the Kubernetes environment because H2O is a stateful application. H2O nodes are, therefore, spawned together and deallocated together as a single unit. Subsequently, Kubernetes tooling for stateless applications is not applicable to H2O. In Kubernetes, a set of pods sharing a common state is named as a StatefulSet.

H2O Pods deployed on Kubernetes cluster require a headless service for H2O Node discovery. The headless service, instead of load-balancing incoming requests to the underlying H2O pods, returns a set of adresses of all the underlying pods.

_images/h2o-k8s-clustering.png

Requirements

To spawn an H2O cluster inside of a Kubernetes cluster, the following are needed:

  • A Kubernetes cluster: either local development (e.g. ks3) or easy start (e.g. OpenShift by RedHat).

  • A Docker image with H2O inside.

  • A Kubernetes deployment definition with a StatefulSet of H2O pods and a headless service.

Creating the Docker Image

A simple Docker container with H2O running on startup is enough:

FROM ubuntu:latest
ARG H2O_VERSION
RUN apt-get update \
  && apt-get install default-jdk unzip wget -y
RUN wget http://h2o-release.s3.amazonaws.com/h2o/rel-zahradnik/1/h2o-${H2O_VERSION}
  && unzip h2o-${H2O_VERSION}.zip
ENV H2O_VERSION ${H2O_VERSION}
CMD java -jar h2o-${H2O_VERSION}/h2o.jar

To build the Docker image, use docker build . -t {image-name} --build-arg H2O_VERSION=3.30.0.1. Make sure to replace {image-name} with the meaningful H2O deployment name. Note: For the rest of this example, the Docker image will be named h2o-k8s.

Creating the Headless Service

First, a headless service must be created on Kubernetes:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: h2o-service
  namespace: default
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: h2o-k8s
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 54321

The clusterIP: None setting defines the service as headless.

The port: 54321 setting is the default H2O port. Users and client libraries use this port to talk to the H2O cluster.

The app: h2o-k8s setting is of great importance because it is the name of the application with H2O pods inside. While the name is arbitrarily chosen for this example, it must correspond to the chosen H2O deployment name.

Creating the H2O Deployment

We strongly recommended running H2O as a StatefulSet on a Kubernetes cluster. Treating H2O nodes as stateful ensures that:

  • H2O nodes are treated as a single unit. They will be brought up and down gracefully and together.

  • No attempts will be made by a K8S healthcheck to restart individual H2O nodes in case of an error.

  • The cluster will be restared as a whole (if required).

  • Persistent storages and volumes associated with the StatefulSet of H2O nodes will not be deleted once the cluster is brought down.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: h2o-stateful-set
  namespace: default
spec:
  serviceName: h2o-service
  podManagementPolicy: "Parallel"
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: h2o-k8s
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: h2o-k8s
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
      containers:
        - name: h2o-k8s
          image: 'h2oai/h2o-open-source-k8s:latest'
          resources:
            requests:
              memory: "4Gi"
          ports:
            - containerPort: 54321
              protocol: TCP
          env:
          - name: H2O_KUBERNETES_SERVICE_DNS
            value: h2o-service.default.svc.cluster.local
          - name: H2O_NODE_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT
            value: '180'
          - name: H2O_NODE_EXPECTED_COUNT
            value: '3'

The environment variables used are described below:

  • H2O_KUBERNETES_SERVICE_DNS - [MANDATORY] Crucial for the clustering to work. The format usually follows the <service-name>.<project-namespace>.svc.cluster.local pattern. This setting enables H2O node discovery via DNS. It must be modified to match the name of the headless service created. Also, pay attention to the rest of the address. It must match the specifics of your Kubernetes implementation.

  • H2O_NODE_LOOKUP_TIMEOUT - [OPTIONAL] Node lookup constraint. Specify the time before the node lookup times out.

  • H2O_NODE_EXPECTED_COUNT - [OPTIONAL] Node lookup constraint. This is the expected number of H2O pods to be discovered.

  • H2O_KUBERNETES_API_PORT - [OPTIONAL] Port for Kubernetes API checks to listen on. Defaults to 8080.

If none of the optional lookup constraints are specified, a sensible default node lookup timeout will be set - currently defaults to 3 minutes. If any of the lookup constraints are defined, the H2O node lookup is terminated on whichever condition is met first.

In the above example, 'h2oai/h2o-open-source-k8s:latest' retrieves the latest build of the H2O Docker image. Replace latest with nightly to get the bleeding-edge Docker image with H2O inside.

The documentation for the official H2O Docker images is available at the official H2O Docker Hub page.

Exposing the H2O Cluster

Exposing the H2O cluster is the responsibility of the Kubernetes administrator. By default, an Ingress can be created. Different platforms offer different capabilities (e.g. OpenShift offers Routes).

For more information on running an H2O cluster on a Kubernetes cluster, refer to this link.