General

I updated my H2O to the newest version. Why can I no longer load a pre-trained model?

When saving an H2O binary model with h2o.saveModel (R), h2o.save_model (Python), or in Flow, you will only be able to load and use that saved binary model with the same version of H2O that you used to train your model. H2O binary models are not compatible across H2O versions. If you update your H2O version, then you will need to retrain your model. For production, you can save your model as a POJO/MOJO. These artifacts are not tied to a particular version of H2O because they are just plain Java code and do not require an H2O cluster to be running.

How do I score using an exported JSON model?

Since JSON is just a representation format, it cannot be directly executed, so a JSON export can’t be used for scoring. However, you can score by:

  • including the POJO/MOJO in your execution stream and handing it observations one at a time

or

  • handing your data in bulk to an H2O cluster, which will score using high throughput parallel and distributed bulk scoring.

How do I score using an exported POJO?

The generated POJO can be used indepedently of a H2O cluster. First use curl to send the h2o-genmodel.jar file and the java code for model to the server. The following is an example; the ip address and model names will need to be changed.

mkdir tmpdir
cd tmpdir
curl http://127.0.0.1:54321/3/h2o-genmodel.jar > h2o-genmodel.jar
curl http://127.0.0.1:54321/3/Models.java/gbm_model > gbm_model.java

To score a simple .CSV file, download the PredictCsv.java file and compile it with the POJO. Make a subdirectory for the compilation (this is useful if you have multiple models to score on).

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h2oai/h2o-3/master/h2o-genmodel/src/main/java/hex/genmodel/tools/PredictCsv.java
javac -cp h2o-genmodel.jar -J-Xmx2g -J-XX:MaxPermSize=128m PredictCSV.java gbm_model.java -d gbm_model_dir

Specify the following:

  • the classpath using -cp

  • the model name (or class) using --model

  • the csv file you want to score using --input

  • the location for the predictions using --output.

You must match the table column names to the order specified in the POJO. The output file will be in a .hex format, which is a lossless text representation of floating point numbers. Both R and Java will be able to read the hex strings as numerics.

java -ea -cp h2o-genmodel.jar:gbm_model_dir -Xmx4g -XX:MaxPermSize=256m -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=256m hex.genmodel.tools.PredictCsv --header --model gbm_model --input input.csv --output output.csv

How do I predict using multiple response variables?

Currently, H2O does not support multiple response variables. To predict different response variables, build multiple models.

How do I kill any running instances of H2O?

In Terminal, enter ps -efww | grep h2o, then kill any running PIDs. You can also find the running instance in Terminal and press Ctrl + C on your keyboard. To confirm no H2O sessions are still running, go to http://localhost:54321 and verify that the H2O web UI does not display.

Why is H2O not launching from the command line?

$ java -jar h2o.jar &
% Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError
at java.lang.Class.initializeClass(libgcj.so.10)
at water.Boot.getMD5(Boot.java:73)
at water.Boot.<init>(Boot.java:114)
at water.Boot.<clinit>(Boot.java:57)
at java.lang.Class.initializeClass(libgcj.so.10)
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
at java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(libgcj.so.10)
at water.util.Utils.<clinit>(Utils.java:1286)
at java.lang.Class.initializeClass(libgcj.so.10)
...4 more

The only prerequisite for running H2O is a compatible version of Java. We recommend Oracle’s Java 1.7.

Why did I receive the following error when I tried to launch H2O?

[root@sandbox h2o-dev-0.3.0.1188-hdp2.2]hadoop jar h2odriver.jar -nodes 2 -mapperXmx 1g -output hdfsOutputDirName
Determining driver host interface for mapper->driver callback...
   [Possible callback IP address: 10.0.2.15]
   [Possible callback IP address: 127.0.0.1]
Using mapper->driver callback IP address and port: 10.0.2.15:41188
(You can override these with -driverif and -driverport.)
Memory Settings:
   mapreduce.map.java.opts:     -Xms1g -Xmx1g -Dlog4j.defaultInitOverride=true
   Extra memory percent:        10
   mapreduce.map.memory.mb:     1126
15/05/08 02:33:40 INFO impl.TimelineClientImpl: Timeline service address: http://sandbox.hortonworks.com:8188/ws/v1/timeline/
15/05/08 02:33:41 INFO client.RMProxy: Connecting to ResourceManager at sandbox.hortonworks.com/10.0.2.15:8050
15/05/08 02:33:47 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: number of splits:2
15/05/08 02:33:48 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: Submitting tokens for job: job_1431052132967_0001
15/05/08 02:33:51 INFO impl.YarnClientImpl: Submitted application application_1431052132967_0001
15/05/08 02:33:51 INFO mapreduce.Job: The url to track the job: http://sandbox.hortonworks.com:8088/proxy/application_1431052132967_0001/
Job name 'H2O_3889' submitted
JobTracker job ID is 'job_1431052132967_0001'
For YARN users, logs command is 'yarn logs -applicationId application_1431052132967_0001'
Waiting for H2O cluster to come up...
H2O node 10.0.2.15:54321 requested flatfile
ERROR: Timed out waiting for H2O cluster to come up (120 seconds)
ERROR: (Try specifying the -timeout option to increase the waiting time limit)
15/05/08 02:35:59 INFO impl.TimelineClientImpl: Timeline service address: http://sandbox.hortonworks.com:8188/ws/v1/timeline/
15/05/08 02:35:59 INFO client.RMProxy: Connecting to ResourceManager at sandbox.hortonworks.com/10.0.2.15:8050

----- YARN cluster metrics -----
Number of YARN worker nodes: 1

----- Nodes -----
Node: http://sandbox.hortonworks.com:8042 Rack: /default-rack, RUNNING, 1 containers used, 0.2 / 2.2 GB used, 1 / 8 vcores used

----- Queues -----
Queue name:            default
   Queue state:       RUNNING
   Current capacity:  0.11
   Capacity:          1.00
   Maximum capacity:  1.00
   Application count: 1
   ----- Applications in this queue -----
   Application ID:                  application_1431052132967_0001 (H2O_3889)
       Started:                     root (Fri May 08 02:33:50 UTC 2015)
       Application state:           FINISHED
       Tracking URL:                http://sandbox.hortonworks.com:8088/proxy/application_1431052132967_0001/jobhistory/job/job_1431052132967_0001
       Queue name:                  default
       Used/Reserved containers:    1 / 0
       Needed/Used/Reserved memory: 0.2 GB / 0.2 GB / 0.0 GB
       Needed/Used/Reserved vcores: 1 / 1 / 0

Queue 'default' approximate utilization: 0.2 / 2.2 GB used, 1 / 8 vcores used

----------------------------------------------------------------------

ERROR:   Job memory request (2.2 GB) exceeds available YARN cluster memory (2.2 GB)
WARNING: Job memory request (2.2 GB) exceeds queue available memory capacity (2.0 GB)
ERROR:   Only 1 out of the requested 2 worker containers were started due to YARN cluster resource limitations

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Attempting to clean up hadoop job...
15/05/08 02:35:59 INFO impl.YarnClientImpl: Killed application application_1431052132967_0001
Killed.
[root@sandbox h2o-dev-0.3.0.1188-hdp2.2]#

The H2O launch failed because more memory was requested than was available. Make sure you are not trying to specify more memory in the launch parameters than you have available.

How does the architecture of H2O work?

This PDF includes diagrams and slides depicting how H2O works in big data environments.

How does importFiles() work in H2O?

importFiles() gets the basic information for the file and then returns a key representing that file. This key is used during parsing to read in the file and to save space so that the file isn’t loaded every time; instead, it is loaded into H2O then referenced using the key. For files hosted online, H2O verifies the destination is valid, creates a vec that loads the file when necessary, and returns a key.

Does H2O support GPUs?

GPU support is available in H2O’s XGBoost if the following requirements are met:

  • NVIDIA GPUs (GPU Cloud, DGX Station, DGX-1, or DGX-2)

  • CUDA 8

You can also monitor your GPU utilization via the nvidia-smi command. Refer to https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-system-management-interface for more information.

In addition to XGBoost H2O also supports GPUs as part of our H2O4GPU offering. Refer to the H2O4GPU README for more information about H2O4GPU.

Can we make use of GPUs with AutoML?

XGBoost models in AutoML can make use of GPUs. Keep in mind that the following requirements must be met:

  • NVIDIA GPUs (GPU Cloud, DGX Station, DGX-1, or DGX-2)

  • CUDA 8

And again, you can monitor your GPU utilization via the nvidia-smi command. Refer to https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-system-management-interface for more information.

How can I continue working on a model in H2O after restarting?

There are a number of ways you can save your model in H2O:

  • In the web UI, click the Flow menu then click Save Flow. Your flow is saved to the Flows tab in the Help sidebar on the right.

  • In the web UI, click the Flow menu then click Download this Flow…. Depending on your browser and configuration, your flow is saved to the “Downloads” folder (by default) or to the location you specify in the pop-up Save As window if it appears.

  • (For DRF, GBM, and DL models only): Use model checkpointing to resume training a model. Copy the model_id number from a built model and paste it into the checkpoint field in the buildModel cell.

How can I find out more about H2O’s real-time, nano-fast scoring engine?

H2O’s scoring engine uses a Plain Old Java Object (POJO). The POJO code runs quickly but is single-threaded. It is intended for embedding into lightweight real-time environments.

All the work is done by the call to the appropriate predict method. There is no involvement from H2O in this case.

To compare multiple models simultaneously, use the POJO to call the models using multiple threads. For more information on using POJOs, refer to the POJO Quick Start Guide and POJO Java Documentation

In-H2O scoring is triggered on an existing H2O cluster, typically using a REST API call. H2O evaluates the predictions in a parallel and distributed fashion for this case. The predictions are stored into a new Frame and can be written out using h2o.exportFile(), for example.

I am writing an academic research paper and I would like to cite H2O in my bibliography. How should I do that?

To cite our software (insert correct H2O version & year):

To cite one of our booklets:

To cite H2O AutoML, please use the instructions here.

If you are using Bibtex:

@Manual{h2o_R_package,
    title = {h2o: R Interface for H2O},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    note = {R package version 3.30.0.5},
    url = {http://www.h2o.ai},
}

@Manual{h2o_Python_module,
    title = {h2o: Python Interface for H2O},
    author = {H2O.ai},
    year = {2020},
    note = {Python package version 3.30.0.5},
    url = {https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3},
}

@Manual{h2o_platform,
    title = {H2O: Scalable Machine Learning Platform},
    author = {H2O.ai},
    year = {2020},
    note = {version 3.30.0.5},
    url = {https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3},
}

@Manual{h2o_GLM_booklet,
    title = {Generalized Linear Modeling with H2O},
    author = {Nykodym, T. and Kraljevic, T. and Wang, A. and Wong W.},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/GLMBooklet.pdf},
}

@Manual{h2o_DL_booklet,
    title = {Deep Learning with H2O},
    author = {Candel, A. and LeDell, E.},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/DeepLearningBooklet.pdf},
}

@Manual{h2o_GBM_booklet,
    title = {Gradient Boosted Models},
    author = {Candel, A., and Malohlava, M.},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/GBMBooklet.pdf},
}

@Manual{h2o_R_booklet,
    title = {Machine Learning with R and H2O},
    author = {Landry, M.},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/RBooklet.pdf},
}

@Manual{h2o_Python_booklet,
    title = {Machine Learning with Python and H2O},
    author = {Stetsenko, P.},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/PythonBooklet.pdf},
}

@Manual{h2o_SW_booklet,
    title = {Machine Learning with Sparkling Water: H2O + Spark},
    author = {Malohlava, M., and Hava, J., and Mehta, N},
    year = {2020},
    month = {March},
    url = {http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/booklets/SparklingWaterBooklet.pdf},
}

What are these RTMP and py_ temporary Frames? Why are they the same size as my original data?

No data is copied. H2O does a classic copy-on-write optimization. That Frame you see - it’s nothing more than a thin wrapper over an internal list of columns; the columns are shared to avoid the copying.

The RTMP’s now need to be entirely managed by the H2O wrapper - because indeed they are using shared state under the hood. If you delete one, you probably delete parts of others. Instead, temp management should be automatic and “good” - as in: it’s a bug if you need to delete a temp manually, or if passing around Frames, or adding or removing columns turns into large data copies.

R’s GC is now used to remove unused R temps, and when the last use of a shared column goes away, then the H2O wrapper will tell the H2O cluster to remove that no longer needed column.

In other words: Don’t delete RTMPs, they’ll disappear at the next R GC. Don’t worry about copies (they aren’t getting made). Do Nothing and All Is Well.